Line a large cookie sheet with parchment paper or a silicone mat. In a deep microwave-safe bowl, combine sugar and corn syrup. Mix thoroughly and microwave on HIGH for 4 minutes.
Stir in peanuts and microwave on HIGH until the mixture is light brown, about 3 to 5 minutes longer.
Stir in butter and vanilla until combined. Microwave on HIGH until peanuts are lightly browned, about 1 to 2 minutes longer.
Stir in baking soda until mixture is light and foamy. Pour onto prepared pan and cool 30 minutes. Break into pieces to serve and store in an airtight container.
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Notes
Peanuts: For best results, start with raw peanuts. Otherwise, they might overcook and scorch in the microwave.
Baking soda: Adding baking soda to the hot sugar syrup makes lots of tiny air bubbles that give the candy the porous, honeycomb texture it's famous for.
Yield: This recipe makes about 1 pound of peanut brittle.
Storage: Store covered at room temperature for up to 2 months.